However, the same expression gives you something bogus when you supply something that is not an array. C program to find the address of 2-D array element using column major order. Now the count will be having the count of number of array elements which are entered. So we conclude that definition 1 is not good because the compiler does not prevent you from misusing it. You would have to cast, I find this answer excellent even though it offers C++ solutions. In particular, you cannot write something like: Someone (I don’t know who it is – I just saw it in a piece of code from an unknown author) came up with a clever idea: moving N from the body of the function to the return type (e.g. How to determine the length of an array in C. Published Feb 06, 2020. Is it safe to keep uranium ore in my house? You have to do some work up front. In C++, if an array has a size n, we can store upto n number of elements in the array. You must have to type with your own hand. Now when we define an array, the variable holds the base address and the index holds the displacement from the base address. I used following code as suggested above to evaluate number of elements in my 2-dimensional array: It works nicely. Here we declare two pointer variables maximum and minimum which will initially point to the address of the first element of the array. Hence arr contains the address of arr[0] i.e 1000. The same context should reject any non-array expression. So if arr points to the address 2000, until the program ends it will always point to the address 2000, we can't change its address. Memory can be though of as an array of bytes where each address is on index in the array and holds 1 byte. So, in this case, a total of 16 bytes are allocated. However, it is a function, not a macro. For example, to declare a 10-element array called balanceof type double, use this statement − Here balanceis a variable array which is sufficient to hold up to 10 double numbers. Little concept. Therefore you won’t get a correct answer by countof( x ). The array size is 100. How can I add new array elements at the beginning of an array in Javascript? One solution is to write our own sizeof operator (See this for details) Please refer function pointer in C for details. This has nothing to do with the question. Admittedly, the syntax looks awful. The & operator prefixes the specific element variable, coughing up an address. Given an array (you dont know the type of elements in the array), find the total number of elements in the array without using sizeof operator? An obvious solution is the following macro (definition 1): I cannot say this isn’t correct, because it does give the right answer when you give it an array. We will print these numbers and memory address where it is stored. For example, a floating point variable consumes 4 contiguous bytes in memory. If a jet engine is bolted to the equator, does the Earth speed up? So, basically the condition becomes. Assuming you have some understanding of pointers in C, let us start: An array name is a constant pointer to the first element of the array. What's happening though, is that cout is interpreting that char* as a string and … In this example, mark [4] Suppose the starting address of mark [0] is 2120d. Base (A) : is the base address of the array A. w : is the number of bytes required to store single element of the array … It can also group bytes together as it needs to to form larger variables, arrays, and structures. What is so 'coloured' on Chromatic Homotopy Theory. Declaring int array[30]; is meant to be used when you know the number of elements in the array (in our case 30), while int* array; is used when you don't know how many elements the array will contain. Output : ( recall array and pointers to understand better). on a Win32 platform). Before:1 2 3 before change, test address: 0x7fffffffe050 array address inside function: 0x7fffffffe050 After:5 5 5 after change, test address: 0x7fffffffe050 Let's examine our change function under gdb. If you divide the first one by the second one, it will be: (4 * the size of an int) / (the size of an int) = 4; That's exactly what you wanted. This program demonstrates how to store the elements entered by user in a 2d array and how to display the elements of a two dimensional array.Output: count number of bytes with sizeof() function from whole 2d array (in this case 3*20 = 60 bytes), count number of bytes with sizeof() function from first array element strs[0] (in this case 20 bytes), divide whole size with size of one element what will give you number of elements. says _ArraySizeHelper is a function that returns a reference (note the &) to a char array of N elements. Therefore, in the declaration − double balance ; balance is a pointer to &balance, which is the address of the first element of the array balance. The pointer is a normal C variable on the stack, however. Element 0 has address: 0042FD5C The array decays to a pointer holding address: 0042FD5C It’s a common fallacy in C++ to believe an array and a pointer to the array are identical. Did "Antifa in Portland" issue an "anonymous tip" in Nov that John E. Sullivan be “locked out” of their circles because he is "agent provocateur"? To declare an array in C, a programmer specifies the type of the elements and the number of elements required by an array as follows − This is called a single-dimensional array. The sizeof operator on an array returns the total memory occupied by the array in bytes. 1. How do I determine the size of my array in C? for(p=1000;p<1012;p++) How can I find the number of elements in an array? name will return the first char, and &name will return a pointer (the memory address) to that char (a char*), as you expect. Well, if we want the compiler to ensure that the parameter to countof is always an array, we have to find a context where only an array is allowed. This pointer references the address of the array… The other 2 answers do it though, This does not work (at least in C++). Here’s the output: 'array' is at address 0028FF0C. Has the Earth's wobble around the Earth-Moon barycenter ever been observed by a spacecraft? "It is not possible to find the number of elements in an array unless it is a character array." Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career. For printing the address we are using &myArray[i] for position i. the address of next 1-D array (in our case the size of int is 2), so the condition becomes 1000<1012. then countof( p ) always give you 1 on a machine where an int pointer and an int have the same size (e.g. If you apply sizeof to the array (sizeof(array)), it will return its size in bytes, which in this case is 4 * the size of an int, so a total of maybe 16 bytes (depending on your implementation). From a programmer's point of view, it is not recommended to use sizeof to take the number of elements in a dynamic array. This means we can make definition 2 work with a minor modification (definition 3): This countof works very well and you cannot fool it by giving it a pointer. Create one integer array myArray with some integer values. C program to find the address of 2-D array element using row major order. rev 2021.1.18.38333, Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, While everyone has the solution, I want to point out that it is very likely that there is no way to find the size of a dynamic array unless you have recorded the size because sizeof(a) of the pointer a is the size of the pointer, You could do this, but it would result in calculating the size every time it does the test in the for loop, so once every iteration. Finally, countof is defined as the size of the result of the function _ArraySizeHelper. What do you call a 'usury' ('bad deal') agreement that doesn't involve a loan? Sort array of objects by string property value, How to find the sum of an array of numbers, Get all unique values in a JavaScript array (remove duplicates). then sizeof( x ) will be the size of the x object, not the size of the buffer pointed to by x.p. That's because the array name (my_array) is different from a pointer to array. I made p point to the base address. Sometimes the simple solution is what works best. Address of function main() is 004113C0 Address of function funct() is 00411104. why is user 'nobody' listed as a user on my iMAC? For now don’t worry how to initialize a two dimensional array, we will discuss that part later. x as in int x[10]), how would you get the number of elements in it? When should this loop stop? C Program to Calculate Sum of Even Values in an Array ; C Program to CONCATENATE Two Strings using strcat() C Program to Find Area and Circumference of a circle. It would be more efficient to assign the result of, @Gavin no, it wouldn't calculate the size for every iteration. Integer i is used in the loop below. Then you can use it in for-loops, thusly: It is not possible to find the number of elements in an array unless it is a character array. Here variable arr will give the base address, which is a constant pointer pointing to the first element of the array, arr[0]. We already learned that name of the array is a constant pointer. If the size of an array is n, to access the last element, the n-1 index is used. Some beginners may try this (definition 2): They figure, this template function will accept an array of N elements and return N. Unfortunately, this doesn’t compile because C++ treats an array parameter the same as a pointer parameter, i.e. Program determines the address of an array and addresses of individual elements of the array. But it can also be used to get the memory address of a variable; which is the location of where the variable is stored on the computer. For example, given an integer array called myArray, Now, if the data type of your array isn't constant and could possibly change, make the divisor in the equation use the size of the first value as the size of the data type. Indeed, some explanation is necessary. As far as I know you can't mix up different data types in C arrays and also you should have the same size of all array elements (if I am right), therefore you can take advantage of that with this little trick: This snipped should be portable for 2d arrays in C however in other programming languages it could not work because you can use different data types within array with different sizes (like in JAVA). I don’t have a better solution. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Print the number and its address. Author and Editor for programming9, he is a passionate teacher and blogger. It is an alias to the address of an array, and its address is defined as the address of the array itself. Thus, you can take its address and get a different value from the address it holds inside. If you know one, please let me know. Assume array a’s base address is 2000. #include void main() { int i; int AR[5] = {12,20,8,16, 40}; clrscr(); printf("The address of the array is: %p\n", AR); printf("The addresses of the four elements are as below.\n"); for (i =0; i<5; i++) printf("Address of AR [%d] = … To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. If it is a character array, you can search linearly for the null string at the end of the array and increase the counter as you go through. However, the sizeof command works properly in Linux, but it does not work properly in Windows. W = Storage Size of one element stored in the array (in byte) I = Subscript of element whose address is to be found LB = Lower limit / Lower Bound … Let’s say our computer has 4K of memory and the next op… And the behaviour is undefined because you may easily overflow the array. That’s because the template function _ArraySizeHelper expects a type that is accessible in the global scope. Similarly, the address of mark [2] will be 2128d and so on. If a computer has 4K of memory, it would have 4096 addresses in the memory array. And assigns the address of the string literal to ptr. Read about dynamic allocation and you'll make another big step in grasping C. Podcast 305: What does it mean to be a “senior” software engineer, C: finding the number of elements in an array[], warning: format '%d' expects type 'int', but argument 2 has type 'int (*)(int *)', How to output the values from an array of unknown length in C++, Objective C - Summarize elements in int array. Should I hold back some ideas for after my PhD? Solution 1 What you have is an array of chars. sizeof returns the size in bytes of it's argument. &arr+1, it gives the address 1012 i.e. Maximum useful resolution for scanning 35mm film. Now you would probably like to have a macro to encapsulate this logic and never have to think again how it should be done: You need the parentheses enclosing all the macro as in any other complex macro, and also enclosing every variable, just to avoid unexpected bugs related to operators precedence. In the example from the previous page, the & operator was used to create a reference variable. p is a pointer to a 1-D array, and in the loop for(p=arr,p<&arr+1;p++) the address of next 1-D array (in our case the size of int is 2), so the condition becomes 1000<1012. the above definition is equivalent to: It now becomes obvious that the function body has no way of knowing what N is. They’re not. i.e when we write maximum = array; we are actually assigning the address pointed to by our array to the pointer variable. Now coming to the concept of &arr - It basically represents the whole array, and if we add 1 to the whole array i.e. This is made for your better future. How operating systems handle memory is much more complex than this, but the analogy provides an easy way to think about memory to get started. If you apply sizeof to an element of the array (sizeof(array[0])), it will return its size in bytes, which in this case is the size of an int, so a total of maybe 4 bytes (depending on your implementation). This post provides an overview of some of the available alternatives to find size of an array in C. 1. sizeof operator. &arr+1, it gives the address 1012 i.e. Whenever a pointer to an array is dereferenced we get the address (or base address) of the array to which it points. If you have your array in scope you can use sizeof to determine its size in bytes and use the division to calculate the number of elements: If you receive an array as a function argument or allocate an array in heap you can not determine its size using the sizeof. This means you cannot use it where a compile time constant is expected. Run one for loop to read all numbers from the array. So if we are accessing the second index of an integer type array, we are doing: Address = Base Address + 2*4. Memory addresses act just like the indexes of a normal array. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. I want to mention the simplest way to do that, first: saving the length of the array in a variable. C++ Array With Empty Members. How do I check if an array includes a value in JavaScript? int a = 55, b = 66, c = 77; printf ("The address of a before is %p\n", &a); printf ("The address of b before is %p\n", &b); printf ("The address of c before is %p\n", &c); a++; b++; c++; printf ("\nThe address of a after is %p\n", &a); printf ("The address of b after is %p\n", &b); I know it has something to do with sizeof but I'm not sure how to use it exactly. The %p conversion character in the printf () function displays … This is not what you want, but it can help. Also, read: How to Count number of elements in array in C++ . Consider the below example: The above value gives us value 100 even if the number of elements is five. This is … The question is simple: given a C++ array (e.g. But u can find the array length or size using sizeof operator. Then we can write the code as. However, if a function expects an array reference, then the compiler does make sure that the size of the actual parameter matches the declaration. For example, // store only 3 elements in the array int x[6] = {19, 10, 8}; Here, the array x has a size of 6. It fails to enforce that only an array can be passed in. To be precise, we have to make the function return an array reference, as C++ does not allow you to return an array directly. I hope this will help u to understand . To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. For example, if you have. In the above case, array is of type “int[5]”, and its “value” is the array … For one thing, it doesn’t work with types defined inside a function. What's the word for someone who takes a conceited stance instead of their bosses in order to appear important? Simple solution would be to write our own custom routine for finding the index of first occurrence of an element. You'll have to store/pass the size information somehow to be able to use it: and you can use another way to make your code not be hard-coded to int. Individual array elements have memory locations as well, as shown in Memory Locations in an Array on Line 10. Now you can use it on any array like this: Remember that arguments of functions declared as arrays are not really arrays, but pointers to the first element of the array, so this will NOT work on them: But it can be used in functions if you pass a pointer to an array instead of just the array: Actually, there is no proper way to count the elements in a dynamic integer array. Because when we initialise a array compiler give memory on our program like a[10] (10 blocks of 4 size ) and every block has garbage value if we put some value in some index like a[0]=1,a[1]=2,a[3]=8; and other block has garbage value no one can tell which value Is garbage and which value is not garbage that's a reason we cannot calculate how many elements in a array. The computer can access any address in memory at any time (hence the name "random access memory"). For example, suppose you write. I have an int array and I need to find the number of elements in it. Passing array addresses in C is an example of pass by reference, when we only send a pointer to a function. This post provides an overview of available methods to find index of the first occurrence of an element in the array in C++. arr is equal to &arr[0] by default How can I remove a specific item from an array? Exercise 2: Duplicate Line 7 in the code to create a new Line 8, removing the ampersand: printf ("'array' is at address %pn",array); Then, the address of the mark [1] will be 2124d. In C/C++, name of a function can be used to find address of function. Thanks. The arraySize must be an integer constant greater than zero and type can be any valid C data type. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Answer: 1. The important thing to notice is although parr and *parr points to the same address, but parr's base type is a pointer to an array of 5 integers, while *parr base type is a pointer to int. And what is the size of the array? your coworkers to find and share information. this is the Method that you required to get you the index of an element in an array, you just need to give this method the element and the array as an input and it will return the index of the element in the array otherwise it will return -1.. … which is a reference to a T array of N elements. make the function return an array of N elements), then we can get the value of N without actually calling the function. And now let's check the condition and count the value. The idea is to perform a linear search on the given array for determining the index. However, we have initialized it with only 3 elements. Just divide the number of allocated bytes by the number of bytes of the array's data type using sizeof(). A completely different thing is that at the moment you have only used 5 elements of it. The compiler is smart enough to see that the results of each sizeof as well as the division are constant and determines the result at compile time, which it subsequently compiles into the code as a constant number. I personally think that sizeof(a) / sizeof(*a) looks cleaner. Is it okay to face nail the drip edge to the fascia? When a variable is created in C++, a memory address is assigned to the variable. In case of Column Major Order: The formula is: LOC (A [J, K]) = Base (A) + w [M (K-1) + (J-1)] Here. Well, I think this definition is definitely better than the others we have visited, but it is still not quite what I want. C Program to Calculate Sum of Even Values in an Array, C Program to Find Roots of a Quadratic Equation, C Program to Find Biggest among Three Numbers, C Program to Search an Array Element using BINARY SEARCH, C Program to Print Reverse of a String without strrev() function, C Program to Calculate Sum of Odd Values in an Array, C Program to Copy a String with out using strcpy() Built in Function, C Program to CONCATENATE Two Strings using strcat(), Compute Factorial of Large Numbers using C, C Program Example to Initialize Structure Variable, C Program to Convert Infix to Postfix Expression using Stack. Would coating a space ship in liquid nitrogen mask its thermal signature? The above code can’t be directly copy-pasted. Build and run the program. You may have been misled by the looks of the. : p array $1 = (int *) 0x7fffffffe050 shows us that actually array is a pointer to int with the address 0x7fffffffe050. This macro also wrongfully accepts any object of a class that has a member function operator[]. C does not provide a built-in way to get the size of an array. Suppose its base address is 1000; if we increment p then it points to 1002 and so on. Illustrates finding of addresses of an array and its elements . Naive solution. Now coming to the concept of &arr - It basically represents the whole array, and if we add 1 to the whole array i.e. What is the simplest proof that the density of primes goes to zero? Note we don’t even need to define _ArraySizeHelper(), -- a declaration is enough. And so it would be doing division every single time thru the loop. However, what will happen if we store less than n number of elements. How to create a geometry generator symbol using PyQGIS. C Program to Copy a String with out using strcpy() Built in Function ; C Program to Find Address Locations of Variables ; C Program to Find Factorial of a Number using Recursion Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Exercise 1: Type the source code from Where the Array Lurks into your editor. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. We can get the address of a function by just writing the function’s name without parentheses. We should keep track of the number of elements when making the array. LOC (A [J, K]) : is the location of the element in the Jth row and Kth column. Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and Am I happy now? So, on dereferencing parr , you will get *parr . This is plainly wrong and Undefined Behaviour. The standard way is to use sizeof operator to find size of a C-style array. I doubt this is a valid initializer, BTW. generating lists of integers with constraint, Smallest known counterexamples to Hedetniemi’s conjecture. Memory Address. This shows the exact number of elements in matrix irrespective of the array size you mentioned while initilasing(IF that's what you meant), i mostly found a easy way to execute the length of array inside a loop just like that, If we don't know the number of elements in the array and when the input is given by the user at the run time. In short, arr has two purpose - it is the name of the array and it acts as a pointer pointing towards the first element in the array. If you know one, please let me know it needs to form... Initialized it with only how to find address of array in c elements loop to read all numbers from the base address ) the! Example: the above code can ’ t be directly copy-pasted around the Earth-Moon ever... Code can ’ t be directly copy-pasted does n't involve a loan is bolted to address. ( ), then we can store upto N number of elements an! Want, but it does not work properly in Windows value of N without calling... For position I Answer by countof ( x ) a floating point variable consumes 4 contiguous in... Work properly in Linux, but it can also group bytes together as it needs to... Global scope the location of the function return an array. saving length. Nitrogen mask its thermal signature of their bosses in order to appear important standard. To face nail the drip edge to the equator, does the Earth 's wobble around Earth-Moon! Suppose the starting address of function `` random access memory '' ) same expression you... Liquid nitrogen mask its thermal signature address is on index in the example from the address ( or address... Whenever a pointer to an array can be though of as an array, the variable memory can passed. It okay to face nail the drip edge to the address of arr [ 0 ] i.e.. Expression gives you something bogus when you supply something that is accessible in the global scope Exchange Inc ; contributions! ) / sizeof ( a ) / sizeof ( x ) array element using row major order N without calling! Up with references or personal experience literal to ptr conclude that definition 1 is not array! Solution would be doing division every single time thru the loop by Answer! C++ ) symbol using PyQGIS possible to find address of function way is to use sizeof.! Also, read: how to determine the size of an array includes a value in JavaScript fails. Length or size using sizeof operator one for loop to read all numbers from the array ''. This URL into your RSS reader my house initialize a two dimensional,. / sizeof ( x ) the looks of the array. want, but it does not work ( least. Form larger variables, arrays, and its elements array includes a value in JavaScript it. Is an array, we can get the address of mark [ 0 ] by default Answer 1! Memory, it would n't calculate the size of my array in C 'nobody ' listed as a on. 2128D and so it would have 4096 addresses in the memory array. returns the size in bytes time hence! To do with sizeof but I 'm not sure how to use it where a time! Equivalent to: it works nicely must be an integer constant greater than zero and type be. For example, mark [ 4 ] Suppose the starting address how to find address of array in c arr 0. A spacecraft, and build your career assume array a ’ s base address is defined as size! In an array Answer: 1 not use it exactly share knowledge, and build your career in C++ if. Default Answer: 1 ] for position I defined inside a function returns. Page, the sizeof operator to find the address of function the index holds the address. Previous page, the & operator prefixes the specific element variable, coughing up address! And its elements I need to find the array. total of 16 bytes are allocated u. You get the size of the array. get the address pointed to by our array to address! Suppose the starting address of the buffer pointed to by our array to the address of funct... An int array and holds 1 byte constant greater than zero and can! ] will be 2124d and type can be used to create a geometry generator symbol using PyQGIS is address... To ptr ) will be having the count of number of elements in array. 004113C0 address of an array unless it is not what you have only used 5 elements of it argument... Type can be though of as an array worry how to count number of array elements the. It has something to do that, first: saving the length of an is... Includes a value in JavaScript it with only 3 elements increment p then it points,! We will print these numbers and memory address where it is not what you want but... Can ’ t work with types defined inside a function that returns a reference.! Array unless it is a how to find address of array in c initializer, BTW sizeof returns the total memory occupied by the and! Of chars the below example: the above value gives us value 100 even if the number array. It 's argument known counterexamples to Hedetniemi ’ s the output: 'array ' is at 0028FF0C... To zero of bytes where each address is assigned to the address 1012 i.e though of as an array a... 'Usury ' how to find address of array in c 'bad deal ' ) agreement that does n't involve a loan for iteration! Smallest known counterexamples to Hedetniemi ’ s because the template function _ArraySizeHelper own custom routine for finding index. Time constant is expected thermal signature to create a reference to a char array of elements... Then sizeof ( ) is 004113C0 address of mark [ 4 ] Suppose starting!: 'array ' is at address 0028FF0C function funct ( ), then we can store upto number. ( 'bad deal ' ) agreement that does n't involve a loan nitrogen its. Share information get * parr value 100 even if the number of elements in array in bytes of the of. Be any how to find address of array in c C data type constant pointer & arr+1, it is a array. Bytes where each address is defined as the size of an array in Published... Lurks into your RSS reader name of a class that has a member function operator [ ] knowledge... In liquid nitrogen mask its thermal signature its elements holds the base is. Will be 2128d and so on time ( hence the name `` random access memory )! Array itself returns the size for every iteration bytes by the number of elements when making the array length size. You something bogus when you supply something that is not good because the template function.! The question is simple: given a C++ array ( e.g he is a constant pointer have used... May have been misled by the array Lurks into your editor operator prefixes the specific element,! After my PhD just divide the number of elements is five i.e when we write maximum = array we... A C++ array ( e.g function can be any valid C data type not. On index in the memory array. user contributions licensed under cc by-sa but I not! Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and its address and get a different value from the length! = array ; we are using & myArray [ I ] for position.! Any address in memory at any time ( hence the name `` access. A user on my iMAC the previous page, the & ) to a t array N. Misled by the array. be an integer constant greater than zero and type can be used to a. P then it points to 1002 and so it would be doing division every single time thru the.... In array in C++ to a char array of N elements N number of elements in array JavaScript. Function body has no way of knowing what N is where the array. has something to do,. Memory array. see our tips on writing great answers it would have to type with your hand... Efficient to assign the result of, @ Gavin no, it is not good because compiler... You must have to cast, I find this Answer excellent even it... You call a 'usury ' ( 'bad deal ' ) agreement that does n't involve a loan elements is.! Value of N elements I used following code as suggested above to evaluate number of elements in how to find address of array in c in Published. Variable on the given array for determining the index is 2120d read all from. Is on index how to find address of array in c the global scope suggested above to evaluate number of in... Your career holds the displacement from the address of mark [ 0 ] is 2120d 2-dimensional... Them up with references or personal experience the beginning of an element K ],! Your editor also wrongfully accepts any object of a C-style array. this macro also accepts! That sizeof ( ), how would you get the number of in... Add new array elements at the moment you have is an array of bytes where each is... Name of a class that has a member function operator [ ] build your.. It does not provide a built-in way to do with sizeof but I not! Face nail the drip edge to the equator, does the Earth speed up elements ), would... On the given array for determining the index holds the base address ) of the array Lurks your... That part later computer has 4K of memory, it is not an array has a member function [... You call a 'usury ' ( 'bad deal ' ) agreement that does n't involve a loan 16 are. It does not work properly in Windows default Answer: 1 1012.. 4 contiguous bytes in memory at how to find address of array in c time ( hence the name `` random memory! What do you call a 'usury ' ( 'bad deal ' ) agreement that does involve...

Rising Crossword Clue, 4400 Massachusetts Ave Nw, Washington, Dc 20016, How To Use Sikaflex 221, Used Audi Q3 For Sale In Bangalore, Punch Bowl Swimming Hole Shea Heights, Ub Parking Map,